The Pursuit of iHappiness Apple co-founder Steve Jobs did not leave behind a deathbed warning about how the 'non-stop pursuit of wealth will only turn a person into a. Those viewers with prior service, especially during wartime, will enjoy 'In Pursuit of Honor' all the more. Perhaps the biggest surprise was how admirably well Don. SHELDON and SONJA LYUBOMIRSKY ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE GAINS IN HAPPINESS: CHANGE YOUR ACTIONS, NOT YOUR CIRCUMSTANCESw ABSTRACT. Although attaining happiness. A Psychometric Model Based on Psychophysiological Correlates. Applied Technology for Neuro- Psychology Laboratory (IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Via Pellizza da Volpedo 4. Milan, Italy. 2Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Gemelli 1, 2. Milan, Italy. Copyright . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Pursuit of Happiness (TPOH) Origin: Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Genres: power pop, college rock: Years active: 1985–present: Labels: Chrysalis, Mercury, Iron. Christopher peterson, nansook park and martin e.p. The phrase gives three examples of the. Everyone is interested in the pursuit of happiness, but the real problem for the researchers is how to measure it. Our aim was to deeply investigate happiness measurement through biomedical signals, using psychophysiological methods to objectify the happiness experiences measurements. The classic valence- arousal model of affective states to study happiness has been extensively used in psychophysiology. However, really few studies considered a real combination of these two dimensions and no study further investigated multidimensional models. More, most studies focused mainly on self- report to measure happiness and a deeper psychophysiological investigation on the dimensions of such an experience is still missing. A multidimensional model of happiness is presented and both the dimensions and the measures extracted within each dimension are comprehensively explained. This multidimensional model aims at being a milestone for future systematic study on psychophysiology of happiness and affective states. It seems everyone has a view on happiness. Joan Collins, the Dalai Lama and over 1. Richard Tooth“The Psychology of Happiness (2nd Edition)”. Michael Argyle, Routledge. Introduction“Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” is a sentence in the United States Declaration of Independence . The sentence is considered an example of “unalienable rights” to be considered for all human beings. Everyone is interested in the pursuit of happiness, but the real problem for the researchers is how to measure it. An interesting distinction is between Subjective Well Being (SWB), measures of happiness based on self- reports and surveys, and Objective Well Being, measures of observable variables, for example, based on life expectancy and other variables that we believe important for a good life. Among several methods between these two extremes, our aim is to deeply investigate happiness measurement through biomedical signals, using psychophysiological methods to objectifying the subjective experiences measurements. Psychophysiology research has come to age to allow sophisticated and objective measurement of perceived experiences. However, there is still room for improvement in the research methods and in the consequent modeling of the involved processes. The goal of our study was to model subjective experiences by measuring different dimensions of the affective states and the related psychological and physiological spheres. According to the classic valence- arousal model . More, recently an extensive research has been done also to discern different emotions by the means of cardiovascular measures . Aroual- valence model can be used in this sense, but, however, we need to add another dimension: the life satisfaction. Considering this new dimension, we add to the pursuit of proximal goals and immediate pleasure (hedonic enjoyment) also the long- term commitment to pursue “self- realization” (eudaimonia) . According to a classic study of Headey et al., “life satisfaction, is quite strongly (negatively) correlated with a distress dimension, depression; life satisfaction and depression are near opposites” . Also recent studies keep the same relationship in clinical and experimental studies . The happiness is an extension of the engagement state with a higher level of life satisfaction. Thus, in the model, the happiness is identified as the situation in which subjects have a high physiological arousal, a positive emotional valence, and a high level of life satisfaction. Its vantage is to combine the three dimensions, making a specific experience measurable in a more effective way. To summarize, we used psychophysiological measures to evaluate life satisfaction, emotional valence, and physiological arousal. In this perspective, engagement and happiness are strictly related to the link between short and long run: the more the subjects will be engaged and satisfied, the more they experience happiness, characterized by positive valence, high arousal, and high life satisfaction. Thus, we aimed to objectively model specific pattern of users’ affective state in the Arousal- Valence- Satisfaction plane. Model Hypotheses. The model purpose is to work on typical ground truths in a multidimensional space of objectively measurable variables and to explore if a possible subjective experience can be identified as a happiness experience. Thus, for an effective assessment of subjects’ experience, we have to identify stable ground truths in the tridimensional space that we considered. Several studies, recently, established stable ground truths. Some of the most important databases at this purpose are the IAPS (for the images) . In these databases, several stimuli are classified on the basis of physiological arousal and emotional valence and are used also to investigate other dimensions, like, for example, in the recent study of Leite and Colleagues . These databases have been also investigated in hundreds of psychophysiological studies and also with patients . This lack leaded to tons of studies where the analysis of statistical differences are considered just “good enough” to publish bidimensional model based on arousal- valence plan, that however considered only single variables without going deeper on the combination or the relations among them. One statistically correct study, that got beyond the statistical differences, is of Von Leupoldt and Colleagues . Another relevant study has been really well conducted by Gr. Typical examples are the studies on ergonomics but also all the studies in the field of positive psychology, where the idea is to investigate the optimal experience and the flow state . Also a new emergent paradigm, the positive technology . The way to elicit these two states strongly depends on the study that the researcher is carrying out. Relax can also be induced using panorama slides show with a soft music and a cognitive stress is easily induced by standard cognitive tasks, such as Stroop task or arithmetic task . In particular, we hypothesize that a happiness experience leads to be more “activated,” that is, with an arousal activation similar to the stress states and enough different from the relax one. The second hypothesis is on emotional valence, for which we expect, by definition, that a happiness experience is able to generate positive emotions and thus we hypothesize that emotional valence during a happiness experience is similar to a relax state and quite different from the stress state, that generates negative emotions. The third hypothesis is on life satisfaction, for which we expect to have a high level of satisfying experience repeated time by time to make a happiness experience attracting continuously. The process is dissimilar to the one activated during a stress state, where the alertness toward the complex task leads users to move far from satisfaction. Thus we hypothesize that satisfaction during a happiness experience is different from both relax and stress states. Thus, happiness experience differs from stress for the emotional valence and the satisfaction, being similar in the physiological arousal. This could be a great weakness of the model, since a few errors in measuring a variable could lead to opposite conclusions, considering a stressful experience as a happiness one. To avoid these misleading consequences is our strong suggestion to avoid considering the physiological arousal to measure happiness: this would bring to great errors. A synthesis of the hypotheses is reported in Table 1. Of course, these hypotheses make it difficult to find a happiness experience; however, this is due to the fact that it is a complex phenomenon and not to the experimental variables, that are only used to objectively measure the subjects’ states. Table 1: Our pseudohypotheses (~ is for similar, > is for greater than, and < is for lower than). Psychophysiological Assessment. The multidimensional model aimed at measuring in an objective way the subjective experience. At this purpose we describe which biosensors and biomedical signals came to age to be considered consolidated enough to allow an objective measurement. More, it is to be taken into account that psychophysiological analysis is not easy and requires specific mathematical competences and not only sophisticated instruments; thus, following, we will give a short insight on the correct signal processing procedures necessary to extract the indexes (measures) that eventually can be used for the statistical data analysis. Biosensors and Biomedical Signals. A number of biosensors and biomedical signals can be used; most biosensors are nowadays also wearable and their obtrusiveness is more and more reduced. Eye tracker acts at distance (about one meter); the other biosensors are electrodes- based, reading the electrophysiological signals by contact (see an example in Figure 3). The setting phase is simple but needs to be made by an expert researcher or physician to detect the exact locations or the signals extracted risk to be compromised. Figure 3: Psychophysiological equipment. Following a (nonexhaustive) list of typical biosensors/biomedical signals: electroencephalogram (EEG), galvanic skin response (GSR), electrocardiogram (ECG), blood volume pulse (BVP), respiration signal (RSP), eye tracker (ET), and facial electromyography (f. EMG). In the next session a deeper insight on the biosensors use, and the sense of the extracted measures based on the multidimensional model will be given. Signal Processing and Extracted Measures.
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